README FILE FOR BERING STRAIT MOORING DATA 21st Oct 2015 ============================================================================= 12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567 Bering Strait Moorings 2010-2011 This is an archive of data from US moorings deployed in the Russian Channel of the Bering Strait from summer 2010 to summer 2012. The deployments were designed to be one year long (from summer 2010 to summer 2011), however clearance issues made it impossible to recover the moorings in summer 2011, and they remained in the water until recovery in August 2012. The extra-long deployment degrades data quality due to biofouling and battery issues. UW personnel were not included in the recovery operation, so little information is available re fouling, and no post-deployment checks were performed. Moorings were also deployed for this period in US waters. Those data are archived separately. Mooring deployments were funded by the NSF Arctic Observing Network (AON) award ARC-0855748 (PIs: Woodgate, Weingartner, Whitledge and Lindsay) with shiptime support from the NOAA RUSALCA (Russian-US Long Term Census of the Arctic) program. The mooring work required 2 dedicated cruises: - in 2010 (31st July - 11th August), a ~ 10 day cruise on the Russian vessel Khromov deployed the moorings. Some CTD sections were run on this cruise, and those data are archived separately. - in 2012 (August, but dates unknown), a short cruise on a Russian vessel recovered the moorings. The 2010 Cruise report and available notes from the 2012 recoveries are included in this archive. The data in this archive are from: - three moorings (A1W, A1, A1E, also called A12, A11 and A13) in the Russian channel of the Bering Strait. In what follows, mooring names include a two digit suffix to represent year of deployment. Sites A1 was established in 1990. A1 was occupied for a few years from 1990,(90-91, 92-94) and then again since 2004. Sites A1E and A1W were established in 2005, and also sometimes carry Russian instrumentation not included in this archive (although documented in the cruise reports and here). Mooring location A1 (also called A1-1) is in the middle of the western (Russian side) channel. Mooring location A1W (also called A1-2) is between A1 and the Russian coast. Mooring location A1E (also called A1-3) is between A1 and the Diomede Islands, which divide the strait. For an overview of previous and on-going Bering Strait mooring work, please see http://psc.apl.washington.edu/BeringStrait.html. Moorings carry a variety of instruments, listed in the table below. All records are year-round, sampling hourly or more frequently (Time Int. in table below). Only two instruments (the SBE37s) ran until recovery in 2012 - the others have shorter records as detailed below. Data from instruments marked with * are not included in this archive. For access to those data, please contact the named PI in list below table. 12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567 -------------------------------------------------------------------------- ID Deployed Latitude Longitude Instrument S/N Time Inst. Water in Year (N) (W) Int. Depth Depth -------------------------------------------------------------------------- A1W-10 2010 65 56.01 169 36.99 SBE16woptic 4956 60min 32m 50m (also called ISUS* 77 - 32m 50m A12-10) RCM9LW 108 60min 36m 50m SBE26p-BPG 1176 30min 48m 50m A1-10 2010 65 54.00 169 25.99 ISCAT 7621 NR 19m 51m (also called ISCAT-Logger 25 60min ... 51m A11-10) 300kHz-ADCP 1699 30min 44m 51m SBE37 Microcat 4600 15min 44m 51m A1E-10 2010 65 52.00 169 16.99 AARI-CM&CTD* 4 - 31m 48m (also called RCM9LW 107 60min 33m 48m A13-10) SBE37 Microcat 3389 15min 35m 48m -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Depths are estimated from mooring design and pressure sensors where available, and are good to 1-2m. NR=instrument not recovered ND=No data Instruments with data included here: ISCAT - SBE37IM in ice resistant float, telemetering data inductively to a Logger below (system developed at APL-UW) 300KHz-ADCP - 300kHz RDI/Teledyne Workhorse Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler SBE37 Microcat - Seabird SBE 37 Temperature Salinity Pressure recorder SBE16woptic - Seabird SBE16plus with optical data (including some or all of fluorescence, turbidity, transmissivity and PAR) - see headers SBE26p-BPG - Seabird SBE26plus Bottom Pressure Gauge RCM9LW - Aanderaa Lightweight RCM9 acoustic current meter Instruments with data not included here: AARI-CM&CTD - Current meter and CTD from AARI (Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, Russia), PI: Igor Lavrenov, AARI ISUS - ISUS Nitrate sensor, PI: Terry Whitledge, UAF Each data file contains the data from one instrument-year - the listed year in the mooring name is the year in which the mooring was deployed. Optics data from the SBE instruments are included in this archive only in the hex files (unconverted). For calibration data, please contact Tom Weingartner, UAF. The SBE16plus BPG also recorded wave burst data - this may be extracted from the .hex files included in this archive, but has not been processed here. For RCMs and SBEs, calibrated data are recorded in one file per instrument per year, with naming convention: BeringStrait_yyyy_ID_III_#####.ttt yyyy=Deployment year; ID=mooring ID; III=instrument type; #####=serial number; ttt=indicates calibration, with .pre=pre-deployment calibration used, .ppp=pre and post deployment calibrations merged. The SBE-16 and 26 hexidecimal files (unaltered from the download) are also included, indicated by extension .hex or .asc. For the ADCPs, there are multiple files per instrument. BeringStrait_yyyy__ID_#####ADCPraw.000 = Binary download from the ADCP BeringStrait_yyyy__ID_#####_ADCPdeploytests.txt = pre deployment tests The remainder are ASCII conversions of the data, corrected for clock drift and magnetic declination. BeringStrait_yyyy__ID_#####.btm = ASCII bottom track data (including ice range and velocity) BeringStrait_yyyy__ID_#####.ins = ASCII instrument data (e.g. heading, pitch, roll, temperature) BeringStrait_yyyy__ID_#####_bin01.rdat = ASCII water velocity data in Bin 1 BeringStrait_yyyy__ID_#####.bin02.rdat = ASCII water velocity data in Bin 2 etc. (Bin depths are given in the data files) BeringStrait_yyyy__ID_#####mbin01.rdat = ASCII data from re-averaged Bin 1 BeringStrait_yyyy__ID_#####mbin02.rdat = ASCII data from re-averaged Bin 2 etc. (Bin depths are given in the data files) Header information is included in each data file. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- For details of the measurements and their interpretation, please see: Woodgate, R.A., and K. Aagaard (2005) Revising the Bering Strait freshwater flux into the Arctic Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L02602, doi:10.1029/2004GL021747. Woodgate, R.A., K. Aagaard, and T. Weingartner (2005) Monthly temperature, salinity, and transport variability of the Bering Strait throughflow, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, No. 4, L04601, doi:10.1029/2004GL021880. Woodgate, R. A., K. Aagaard, and T. J. Weingartner (2005) A year in the physical oceanography of the Chukchi Sea: Moored measurements from autumn 1990-1991,Deep-Sea Res., Part II, 52, 3116-3149, doi: 10.1016/j.dsr2.2005.10.016. Woodgate, R. A., K. Aagaard, and T. J. Weingartner (2006) Interannual changes in the Bering Strait fluxes of volume, heat and freshwater between 1991 and 2004, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L15609, doi:10.1029/2006GL026931. Aagaard, K., T.J.Weingartner, S.L. Danielson, R.A. Woodgate, G.C.Johnson, T.E.Whitledge (2006), Some controls on flow and salinity in Bering Strait, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L19602, doi:10.1029/2006GL026612. Woodgate, R. A., T. Weingartner, and R. Lindsay (2010), The 2007 Bering Strait oceanic heat flux and anomalous Arctic sea-ice retreat, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L01602, doi:10.1029/2009GL041621. Woodgate, R. A., T. Weingartner, and R. Lindsay (2012), Observed increases in Bering Strait oceanic fluxes from the Pacific to the Arctic from 2001 to 2011 and their impacts on the Arctic Ocean water column Geophys. Res. Lett., in press. For an overview, please see: http://psc.apl.washington.edu/BeringStrait.html For queries, please contact: Rebecca Woodgate woodgate@apl.washington.edu (206) 221-3268 Polar Science Center, Applied Physics Lab, University of Washington 1013 NE 40th, Seattle, WA 98105-6698 USA FAX (206) 543-6785 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Meta data ========= 1) Platform: Subsurface oceanographic moorings 2) Project title: Bering Strait 3) Data collection dates: summer 2010 to summer 2012 4) PI: Rebecca Woodgate (woodgate@apl.washington.edu) Tom Weingartner (weingart@ims.uaf.edu) 5) Data collection method: Year-round moorings carrying - Aanderaa recording current meters (RCM) - Sea-Bird temperature/conductivity and pressure recorders (SBE) - RDI 300kHz Workhorse Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCP) - APL data loggers for inductive data from ISCAT system 6) Data calibration method: Unless noted otherwise in the header on each data file, timestamps have been corrected for observed instrument clock drift. All times are given in GMT. For RCMs and SBEs, calibration coefficients are given in header file. RCMs: - Predeployment calibrated by the manufacturer (Aanderaa), - pre-calibration used for data reduction. - direction corrected to true north, magnetic declination used is cited in the header - RCM9 data has been corrected for the temperature/pressure variability of the speed of sound using temperature data from the RCM SBEs: - Generally pre and post calibrated by the manufacturer (indicated by suffix .ppp) - pre and post calibrations linearly time-weighted through the deployment. - .pre suffix indicates only pre-cruise calibration used ADCPS: Tested by APL/UAF/manufacturer pre deployment. - A1 ADCP may have had batteries exchanged at sea and thus compass calibration may be poor - see below - where available, at sea compass check also included in header file - direction corrected to true north, magnetic declination used is cited in the header. - data requiring speed of sound in water is corrected by the ADCP using the water temperature measured by the ADCP. - intensity of returned signals is not specially calibrated. 7) Instrumentation used: (see table for sampling frequencies) Aanderaa current meters RCM-9 Sea-Bird SBE26plus recorders Sea-Bird SBE16plus recorders with optics sensors Sea-Bird SBE37 recorders ISCAT loggers (SBE37 Microcat logging data to an APL-Logger) RDI 300 kHz Workhorse ADCP - bin size 2m. 8) Quality control procedures: Quality control provided by Rebecca Woodgate. RCM-9 measurements of water velocity depend on the speed of sound in water. The manufacturer's default is to assume a sound speed of 1500 m/s. In data processing, we use RCM temperature and mooring information of instrument depth to obtain a more accurate speed of sound at the RCM during deployment, and thus recompute the water velocity (Cor Speed). SBE optical data is not quality controlled and should be treated with caution. ADCP data rely on ADCP internal temperature for speed of sound corrections. ADCP Data files are included for all bins up to the surface although bins near the surface contain much larger errors (likely due to surface effects) and should be treated with caution. 9) Data format: RCM and SBE data - ASCII, format given in individual headers (uncalibrated "hex" data also included for SBE16s and SBE26p) ADCP data - 2 formats: a) BINARY download file from ADCP and b) ASCII conversion of these files (in 2m bins) 10) Data collection problems: The moorings, although designed for a 1-year deployment, remained in the water for 2 years. Although some instruments recorded for more than 1 year, issues also shortened some records. Biofouling, although not recorded, was likely significant, and poisoning of SBE salinity sensors also likely was exhausted before the end of the deployment. Moorings A1E and A11 were both dragged due to issues with the deckbox on the ship. By Instrument: === ISCATS (Loggers and SBE37s) A110 - SBE37 7621 - was presumed lost ~ Nov 2010 since logger data cease at this point. - Logger 25 - data ok up to this point. === RCMs A1W10_rcm9_106 - ran until Nov 2011 (~ 15 months) - tilt and signal strength only nominally calibrated - post deployment clock check not available A1E10_rcm9_107 - ran until Oct 2011 (~ 14 months) - tilt and signal strength only nominally calibrated - post deployment clock check not available === ADCPs Note that ADCP range measurements are not corrected for pitch and roll. For full discussion and correction, see: Woodgate and Holroyd, 2011, included in archive. A110_adcp1699 - large errors on compass tests pre deployment suggest directions may only be good to 10deg - wrote multiple files. As described in data file header, these have been combined to give one quasi continuous file. - data good to ~ Bin 16 (~ 9m depth) - temperature data not quality controlled === SBE37s (non-ISCAT) A110_4600 A1E10_3389 For both instruments: - still running on recovery, however note that depleted poison and biofouling may degrade salinity. - only precal available. - Note that post-calibrations on other SBE16s in the strait suggest salinity sensor drift during a one year deployment of between 0.02 and 0.1psu. === SBE16Plus (with optics) Note - none of optics data is quality controlled. Uncalibrated (.hex) files included in archive A1W_4956 - with biowiper 516 - no information on biofouling - pre-deployment calibration only available. - Note that post-calibrations on other SBE16s in the strait suggest salinity sensor drift during a one year deployment of between 0.02 and 0.1psu. - instrument deployed horizontally (perhaps trapping sediment in cell and degrading data). - data recorded until July 2011 (i.e., ~ 12months) - optics calibrations unavailable, external voltages included here in the .hex file. === SBE26p (Bottom Pressure Gauge and Wave Recorder) A1W_1176 - hdr file states that 457 days of data were recorded. However, the download file is only 52 days of data, with a date error in the last 23hrs of that record. It is unclear why the rest of the data were not downloaded, and, due to the protocols of the RUSALCA, it is now impossible to even attempt to retrieve these data. - .hex files contain unprocessed wave burst data - converted pressure data show no obvious problems 11) Other related data sets: This data set is a continuation of mooring measurements made in the Bering Strait almost continuously since 1990. Mooring data have already been archived via the SBI project, managed by JOSS/EOS, and at NODC. For details see http://psc.apl.washington.edu/BeringStrait.html http://www.eol.ucar.edu/projects/sbi/ http://sbi.utk.edu/ http://www.nodc.noaa.gov Since 2000, CTD sections have been run in the Bering Strait on the mooring cruises. This data is also accessible via the http links above. 12) Conditions for use or citation: Data freely available Please, as a courtesy, contact the PIs before using these data 13) Data qualifications or warnings: See also Data collection problems. The temperature (T) and conductivity (C) recorded by a RCM are significantly less accurate than those recorded by a SBE. In most instances, a SBE was located very close to a RCM, so that the former would provide the record of choice for T and C even when the RCM measured both parameters. For data issues relevant to a specific deployment, see the individual headers. In general: RCM data: Standard Aanderaa limitations apply - estimated accuracy 2 cm/s in speed, 5 deg in direction, 0.05 deg C in temperature, >= 0.01 S/m in conductivity (corresponds to >= 0.2 psu in salinity). SBE data: Standard Sea-Bird limitations apply - estimated accuracy 0.02 deg C, 0.0012 S/m (corresponding to 0.02 psu), and < 1 db. - see header files for difference between pre and post calibration which are usually 0.03 psu or greater. - Note that post-calibrations on the SBE16s suggests salinity sensor drift during deployment of between 0.02 and 0.1psu, and this should be considered if post calibrations are not available - Note also that clogging of the salinity cell during deployment will not be captured by the post calibration and thus generally ends of records should be suspected for anomalously low salinities, especially if the SBE is not mounted vertical. SBE26plus data: Standard Sea-Bird limitation apply - estimated accuracy 0.01 deg C, 0.01% of full scale (for these deployments, range 60db, thus accuracy 0.006db) ADCP data: Standard RDI limitations apply - estimated accuracy ~ 0.5 cm/s for water velocities (~100 pings per ensemble) Estimated errors (given in the files) vary with bin and time ~ 1 cm/s for ice velocities (2 or 5 pings per ensemble) Estimated errors (given in the files) vary with time ~ 1 deg in direction (see header files) Range to ice - accurate to 1% of range to surface (i.e. ~ 0.4 m) ~ 0.4 deg C in temperature Note that ADCP range measurements are not corrected for pitch and roll. For full discussion and correction, see: Woodgate and Holroyd, 2011, included in archive. Optical Sensor Data: These unmodified records are included, although no quality control of the data has been performed, as noted in the header files. This leaves final judgments about record quality to the user. 14) Grant numbers: Mooring sponsorship came from - NSF Polar Programs Arctic Observing Network ARC-0855748 (PIs: Woodgate, Weingartner, Whitledge and Lindsay) with shiptime support from - NOAA Arctic Research RUSALCA - Russian-US Longterm Census of the Arctic: http://www.arctic.noaa.gov/aro/russian-american/ 15) Sample repository locations: National Ocean Data Center (http://www.nodc.noaa.gov) University of Washington (http://psc.apl.washington.edu/HLD) ============================================================================== FILE LISTING ============= Total number of files: Main directory: 46 files and 2 subdirectories Size Name (kb) ---- ---- = Metadata file (1 file) 24 Bering_Strait_Moorings_NSFAONRusalca_2010to2012RussianChannel_ReadMe.txt = Cruise reports (2 files) and 1 technical note (1 file) 4144 CruiseReportKhromov2010wEL_verNov11.pdf 8 RUSALCA2012_RussianMooringRecoveries_JWhitefieldAug2012.txt 1812 WoodgateandHolroyd2011_BTrangeCorrection.pdf = ISCAT data (1 file) - 1 ICLog*.pre of pre calibrated logger data 228 BeringStrait_2010_A1_ICLog25_7621.pre = RCM data (2 files) - 2 .pre files, data calibrated with pre-cruise calibrations 836 BeringStrait_2010_A1E_rcm9_107.pre 920 BeringStrait_2010_A1W_rcm9_108.pre = SBE37 data (4 files) - 2 .pre files, data calibrated with pre-cruise calibrations - 2 .asc files, raw data as downloaded from SBE37 6004 BeringStrait_2010_A1E_sbe37_3389.pre 3672 BeringStrait_2010_A1E_sbe37_3389raw.asc 6004 BeringStrait_2010_A1_sbe37_4600.pre 3672 BeringStrait_2010_A1_sbe37_4600raw.asc = SBE16plus with optics (2 files) - 1 .pre file with calibrated TS data - 1 .hex files of raw data including optics (see also con file directory) 332 BeringStrait_2010_A1W_sbe16opt_4956raw_Horizontal.hex 708 BeringStrait_2010_A1W_sbe16p_4956_Horizontal.pre = SBE26plus BPG data (2 files) - 1 .ppp file, data calibrated with pre and post calibrations - 1 .hex file, raw data as downloaded from SBE26plus 176 BeringStrait_2010_A1W_sbe26p_1176.ppp 1524 BeringStrait_2010_A1W_sbe26p_1176raw.hex .. and the 2 subdirectories, One subdirectory of SBE .con calibration files ./BeringStrait_2013_SBEconfile: - 1 calibration file for SBEs 8 sbe16p_4956D10.con One subdirectory of ADCP data, naming conventions as described above: ./BeringStrait_2010_A1_adcp1699: total 166136 7916 BeringStrait_2010_A11_01699.btm 4080 BeringStrait_2010_A11_01699.ins 24 BeringStrait_2010_A11_01699_ADCPdeploytests.txt 20376 BeringStrait_2010_A11_01699_ADCPrawPart1.000 2436 BeringStrait_2010_A11_01699_ADCPrawPart2.001 48 BeringStrait_2010_A11_01699_ADCPrawPart3.000 28 BeringStrait_2010_A11_01699_ADCPrawPart4.000 20 BeringStrait_2010_A11_01699_ADCPrawPart5.000 5964 BeringStrait_2010_A11_01699_bin01.rdat 5964 BeringStrait_2010_A11_01699_bin02.rdat 5964 BeringStrait_2010_A11_01699_bin03.rdat 5964 BeringStrait_2010_A11_01699_bin04.rdat 5964 BeringStrait_2010_A11_01699_bin05.rdat 5964 BeringStrait_2010_A11_01699_bin06.rdat 5964 BeringStrait_2010_A11_01699_bin07.rdat 5964 BeringStrait_2010_A11_01699_bin08.rdat 5964 BeringStrait_2010_A11_01699_bin09.rdat 5964 BeringStrait_2010_A11_01699_bin10.rdat 5964 BeringStrait_2010_A11_01699_bin11.rdat 5964 BeringStrait_2010_A11_01699_bin12.rdat 5964 BeringStrait_2010_A11_01699_bin13.rdat 5964 BeringStrait_2010_A11_01699_bin14.rdat 5964 BeringStrait_2010_A11_01699_bin15.rdat 5964 BeringStrait_2010_A11_01699_bin16.rdat 5964 BeringStrait_2010_A11_01699_bin17.rdat 5964 BeringStrait_2010_A11_01699_bin18.rdat 5964 BeringStrait_2010_A11_01699_bin19.rdat 5964 BeringStrait_2010_A11_01699_bin20.rdat 5964 BeringStrait_2010_A11_01699_bin21.rdat 5964 BeringStrait_2010_A11_01699_bin22.rdat +++++++++ END OF FILE LISTING ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++